[7] By the end of the 13th century, Tambralinga was recorded in Siamese history as Nakhon Si Thammarat, under the suzerainty of the Tai Sukhothai Kingdom.

[8] In his 13th-century work Zhu Fan Zhi, Chinese historian Zhao Rugua mentions the state Danmaling (Tan-ma-ling, 單馬令), describing it as a vassal of Srivijaya.

[11]: 291 An indigenous source of Tambralinga history is an inscription dating to 1183, written in Old Khmer, engraved on the base of a bronze Buddha statue found at Wat Hua Wiang in Chaiya District, Surat Thani Province.

[13][14] Present-peninsular Thailand has long been considered an important area in social interaction as the gateway between the South China Sea and the India Ocean since the protohistoric period (c. 500 BCE–500 CE).

28 found in Phra Maha That temple at the center of modern Nakhon Si Thammarat, engraved with Pallava scripts in Sanskrit language dated to the 5th century CE.

[2]: 124  Vaishnavism was the prominent belief system unlike Dvaravati in central Thailand and Korat plateau where Hinayana Buddhism was dominant.

[18]: 36  According to the legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat, Phraya Sri Thammasokaraj or Norabadi (พญาธรรมาโศกราช[b]; พญานรบดี) from the Mon's Hanthawaddy,[19][20] together with his younger brother named Dharanont (ธรนนท์), brought their relatives and 30,000 soldiers, along with two Monks Phra Phutthakhamphien (พระพุทธคัมเภียร) and Phra Phutthasakon (พระพุทธสาคร), moved south to settle in Khao Chawa Prab (เขาชวาปราบ) in present-day Krabi Province and later relocated to establish Nakhon Si Thammarat.

[19] During the 10th–11th centuries, after gaining independence from Srivijaya by the liberation of King Sujita,[11]: 295  Tambralinga was very strong politically and economically since it sent several missions to the Chinese court and even supported the troops to conquer the Lavo Kingdom[3] as well as seizing the throne of the Angkor, two of the great mandalas in that period.

Cœdès interprets the term “Jivakas” to mean Javanese (Javaka), indicating the king’s lineage as a native Javanese-Malay descended from the Srivijaya dynasty centered on Java.

[21] However, Dupont's theory is rebutted by an expert in Srivijaya Studies, Pratum Chumphengphan, who defines that the wars happened before the Angkorians exercised political power to the Menam Valley.

[21] After the Sujita dynasty's losses in the war against the Chola empire in 1026, Tambralinga was revived by Padmavamsa (ปัทมวงศ์), a noble clan from the north (the exact location is still disputed, either from Lavo[22]: 38–39  or Inthapat Nakhon (possibly Yaśodharapura[20]) or Hanthawaddy[19][20]).

[23]: 54 Thai academic Chanchirayuwat Ratchanee [th] proposes that after losing the war to the Chola Empire in 1026, the center of power in the eastern Siam peninsular was shifted from Chaiya to Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor) in 1077, according to the information given to the Chinese court by the diplomat sent in 1168.

), which gives the southern limits of the kingdom to Takwā (Takua Pa), Salankre (Junk Ceylon?, Phuket) and two other places hardly legible, ending with a city with the suffix nakuiw' (nagara).

During his reign, the kingdom faced several circumstances, including the invasion of Singhasari's king Kertanagara from 1268–69 and the plague in 1270, which led to the decline of Tambralinga.

[22]: 43 After that, Phanomwang (พระพนมวัง), a prince in Phetchaburi–Ayodhya clan, with his wife Sadieng Thong (สะเดียงทอง) and son Sri Racha (เจ้าศรีราชา), were assigned by the Phetchaburi [th]'s king to revived Nakhon Si Thammarat.

[21] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai: อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) of Haripuñjaya moved south to attack the Lavo Kingdom.

After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district).

[3] After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapür (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch or Kambojaraja (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort.

[2]: 23 However, the most recent studies found that Suryavarman I was actually from the easternmost regions with the strongholds in Sambor and Kratié, but later span influence westward to Kampong Thom.

This led to Suryavarman I's attacking campaign of the Khorat Plateau and Chao Phraya basin, which included Lavo Kingdom of Tambralinga's prince Kambojaraja.

[34] After learning of Suryavarman's alliance with Rajendra Chola, the Tambralinga kingdom requested aid from the Srivijaya king, Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman.

24 found at Hua-wieng temple in Chaiya near Nakhon Si Thammarat, the ruler of Tambralinga named Chandrabhanu Sridhamaraja was the king of Padmavamsa (Lotus dynasty).

[26]: 184  He began to reign in 1230, he had the Phra Borommathat (chedi in Nakhon Si Thammarat, from Sanskrit dhatu - element, component, or relic + garbha - storehouse or repository) reparation and celebration in the same year.

However Chandrabhanu was able to establish an independent regime in the north of the island over the Jaffna kingdom, but in 1258 he was attacked and subjugated by the Tamil Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan.

Chandrabhanu's son Savakanmaindan inherited the throne and submitted to Veera Pandyan's rule, received rewards and retained control over the northern kingdom.