These armed forces, and the independent Ukrainian homeland for which they fought, were eventually incorporated into the neighboring states of Poland, Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania and Czechoslovakia.

It also introduced a number of advanced features including composite armour, a compact engine and transmission, and its 125-mm gun was equipped with an autoloader to allow the crew to be reduced to three so the tank could be smaller and lighter.

The 700-horsepower diesel engine with a more compact transmission replaced the bigger but less powerful powertrains on older tank types.

Ukraine received a number of PT91 Twardy in 2022, a Polish main battle tank based on T-72M1 that developed sometime between the late 1980s and early 1990s.

These PT91 Twardy had a new digital fire-control system, newly developed ERA and an uprated powerplant and had the Soviet-made Volna fire control system replaced by the Czechoslovak-made Kladivo FCS or by the Polish SKO-1 Mérida, which was originally designed for T-55AM "Merida", and is equipped with a Wola 850-horsepower diesel engine.

Besides the new FCS, the Radomka passive night vision devices were installed in the driver's compartment, as was the Liswarta night sight, Obra laser illumination warning system, Tellur anti-laser smoke grenade launchers, solid or modular metal side skirts and the Polish-developed Erawa-1 or Erawa-2 explosive reactive armour was also fitted on the PT91 Twardy.

[10] The offers are conditional on mutual agreement by multiple nations; Germany will not block the export of Leopard 2s (by Poland, Finland, Denmark, to Ukraine.

[30] A day later, on 24 February 2023, Sweden’s Minister of Defence Pål Jonson announced the donation of 10 Stridsvagn 122 based on the Leopard 2A5 tanks to Ukraine, along with CV90 infantry fighting vehicles.

It had mainly T-84BM/U Oplot, T-80BV, a T-64BM with an estimated 800 active T-64 tanks, and a large number of T72 variants, but 700 were sold to third world countries.

On 25 March 2022, the Ukrainians began a counter-offensive in the north which retook several towns to the east and west of Kyiv, including Makariv.

[40]Ukraine in September 2022 did a fall offensive that retook more than 3,088 sq miles from Russian control with armored forces supported by some of the vehicles from Western countries.

[45][46] The following day, Ukraine reported that Russian forces had increased airstrikes and shelling of Bakhmut, beginning a ground attack on the southeastern part of the city.

[47] On 4 August, Wagner Group mercenaries managed to break through Ukrainian defenses and reach the eastern outskirts of Bakhmut.

[49] Some western tanks have been reported as lost in attacks on Russian positions so they are engaged in the fight to recover the territory of Ukraine.

[65] On March 11, 2023, the Danish Ministry of Defense announced the first batch of 80 Leopard 1A5 tanks would be delivered "by spring".

[citation needed] On February 23, 2023, Finland announced it would send 3 modified mine-clearing Leopard 2 tanks to Ukraine.

[77][78] On March 15, 2023, the Spanish government pledged a total of 10 Leopard 2A4 tanks, with the first 6 expected to arrive in Ukraine in the second half of April.