Tawuran (or tubir) is a form of customary mass street fighting between gangs of particular school related students in urban Indonesia, especially in the capital city Jakarta.
It is practised largely by males in their junior or senior year of high school.
[1] Indonesian sociologist Wirumoto has suggested that it serves as a stress release mechanism, as it often occurs following examinations, holiday seasons or graduation.
[1] W. D. Mansur has suggested that it results not from personal factors such as religion or personality, but from group dynamics such as solidarity.
A 2013 Al Jazeera report noted the increasing use of acid attacks in tawuran, resulting in severe injury and disfigurement.