The station served regional passenger and freight traffic and was the terminus of a Berlin S-Bahn service from 1950 to 1961.

In 1872 the Berlin-Anhalt Railway Company planned a connection from Lichterfelde via Teltow and Stahnsdorf to Potsdam, but this project was not realised.

Later separate sections of the Brandenburg Bypass Railway (Umgehungsbahn) were built that did not run directly to Teltow.

[5] In the second half of the 1890s a bigger effort was made to connect the town of Teltow with a fully developed railway.

Once part of the required land was handed over by the town and of the surrounding landowners to the railway company free of charge, construction work could begin.

[6] Moreover, there were plans for the quadruplication of the Anhalt Railway in the Teltow area in order to create separate suburban tracks.

Instead of implementing old plans for a bypass railway south of Berlin, it was planned to build the Outer Freight Ring (Güteraußenring) on a route that ran further north than the Outer Ring (Außenring) that was built later.

As a result of the war these projects were implemented on a temporary basis; more construction projects such as the western extension of the outer freight ring north from Teltow via Stahnsdorf to Potsdam were omitted except for a few early works.

As early as 1919 there were plans for the building of earthworks to raise the Anhalt Railway between Lichterfelde and Großbeeren.

[10] From 1950, passengers on trains to Berlin stopped in Teltow station, for which a low-quality track was rebuilt.

On 7 July 1951, the DC operations of the Berlin S-Bahn were extended from Lichterfelde Süd to Teltow.

Teltow station was only accessible—except for the S-Bahn tracks—in both directions via the former construction railway which had been provided during the war with a temporary platform.

Its use for passenger services declined sharply as both Berlin and Potsdam could only reached by train with substantial detours.

Immediately after the Wall was built, there were two pairs of trains during peak hour running via Genshagener Heide to Berlin.

Passenger traffic in Teltow was closed on 24 May 1998 because work had begun to rebuild the Anhalt Railway to Berlin; the overhead wire had been dismantled a year earlier.

A construction operations station, where freight was handled, was built east of it at ground level.

Once the new works were completed after the Second World War, trains running towards Ludwigsfelde stopped at the former construction operations station.

After the construction of the Berlin Wall, the S-Bahn tracks and the bridge over Machnower Straße were dismantled.

Southwest of the station there are still some remnants of the tracks of the Teltow Railway, which are no longer connected to the main line.

Originally it branched off the Anhalt line at the south end of the station and ran to the southwest.

Therefore, a new route was built that branched off to the north of the station and ran to the northwest and under the tracks of the mainline to Berlin.

After the Second World War, the railway embankment south of Teltow was no longer needed and partially removed.