The critical question before the court was whether the son held shares in trust for his father.

Justice Salmon ruled, applying the principle of Herdegan v Federal Commissioner of Taxation 1988 84 ALR 271; "The burden of establishing that there was an intention to create a trust is on the person who alleges that a trust was created.

"[1] Salmon J also held that inferring an intention does not require technical words and may come from a person's acts; If the trust is not completely constituted then absent consideration on the part of the beneficiary, the trust is not binding on the settlor: equity will not assist a volunteer.

What is needed is the manifestation of an intention to declare a trust: Paul v Constance [1977] 1 All ER 195.

Where no words exhibiting the necessary intent are used it may in exceptional cases be possible to infer a declaration of trust from acts showing that a person has constituted themselves as trustee, ie from conduct evincing an intent to deal with his property so that somebody else to his own exclusion acquires the beneficial interest in his property.