[1] He studied at King's College, London, as Senior Warneford Scholar, and graduated from the University of London with a bachelor of arts (BA) degree in 1860; he became a Member of the Royal College of Surgeons and Licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries (MRCS, LSA) four years later.
His Ex-Cathedra Essays on Insanity (1904) was an original contribution to understanding mental illness.
[2] "Outspoken" and "dogmatic",[1] he advocated the establishment of medical clinics in general hospitals.
He espoused misogynistic views in his critique of the 'modern woman', telling an audience in 1913 that her pursuit of independence would "mar the beauty of her face, change her nature, and alienate male sympathy".
When World War I broke out, he criticised the mentality of the German elite in a polemical attack.