Thomas Jefferson Henderson (November 29, 1824 – February 6, 1911) was a U.S. Representative from Illinois and a Union Army officer during the American Civil War.

Born in Brownsville, Tennessee, Henderson moved with his parents to Illinois at the age of eleven.

He entered the Union Army in 1862 as colonel of the 112th Illinois Volunteer Infantry Regiment and fought in the siege of Knoxville and Atlanta Campaign being wounded at the Battle of Resaca.

He was appointed civilian member on the Board of Ordnance and Fortifications in 1900 and served until his death in Washington, D.C., on February 6, 1911.

This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress