Thomas Lilbourne Anderson (December 8, 1808 – March 6, 1885) was a slave owner[1] and practicing lawyer who served in the United States House of Representatives from Missouri for two terms from 1857 to 1861.

He began the practice of law in Franklin, Kentucky, later moving to Palmyra, Missouri, in 1830.

He was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in 1840, and remained a member of that body through 1844.

On December 24, 1853, he condemned mass escapes of enslaved people citing the high cost to slaveowners.

[2] He was first elected to the United States Congress in 1857 as a member of the American Party (Know-Nothing), winning reelection in 1859 as an Independent Democrat.