Tortula muralis

Tortula muralis, commonly known as wall screw-moss, is a species of moss in the family Pottiaceae.

[3] Tortula muralis forms greyish-green cushions no more than 1 cm (0.39 in) tall, with tongue-shaped leaves possessing acute to rounded leaf apices that approach a point.

[6] The leaf margins are narrowly recurved near their apex, and are distally bordered with two to four thicker rows of cells that bear or lack papillae.

Microscopically, T. moralis differs from other Tortula species in its recurved leaf margins and smooth hair-apex.

[6] T. muralis is most commonly found at moderate elevations in urban areas on concrete, brick walls, soil, rocks, or trees.

[8] The zygote eventually becomes an embryo and gives rise to the sporophyte which produces spores through meiosis and are released when conditions are optimal.

[9] Ultimately, the absorbed element concentration in the moss precisely measures the air pollution in the atmosphere.

[9] T. muralis is recognized as a G5 status indicating that the species is "globally secure, abundant, and demonstrably widespread".

T. muralis gametophyte
Bryophyte Life cycle