[2] Attempting to resolve these issues, the problem was addressed with the Treaty of Kerden in 1746, which affirmed the right of Iranian pilgrims to travel freely and limited the amount of custom duties they could be charged.

[3] At the instigation of the actions of the Russian Empire, Crown Prince Abbas Mirza of Persia, invaded Kurdistan and the areas surrounding Persian Azerbaijan, which led to the commencement of the Ottoman–Persian War.

It was written in nasta'liq ink with the keywords highlighted in red catchwords, margins ruled in gold, and a camel-colored leather binding including an outer hard cover with a ribbon.

[4] Thirdly, the treaty also allowed for Iranian merchants to freely trade in glass water pipes from Persia to Istanbul.

[1] Perhaps the clearest indication of change in the ways that the Ottomans perceived their eastern neighbors was the addition of Iran in 1823 to the list of countries which the bureaucrats at the Porte maintained separate registers of cases involving its citizens who needed state intervention.

[1] This led to the certainty that trade between Iran and the Ottoman Empire was growing in the second quarter of the nineteenth century and that Iranian subjects, as opposed to Westerners, were its major purveyors.

[6][7] The treaty was the first serious attempt by the two leading powers of the Middle East to divide the disputed region between the two parties and provide for a boundary commission, composed of Ottoman, Persian, Russian, and British representatives, delimiting the entire border.

[7] The boundary commission's work encountered several political setbacks but finally completed its task when the two countries agreed to the Constantinople Protocol of November 4, 1913.

[8][9] Once protocols were signed between Iran and the Ottoman state, the evolution of the Iranians into a community with extraterritorial rights received a major boost.

[1][6] Although this was not a change in innovation, there was a commercial treaty that was later signed with Great Britain, followed by one in France in which the import rate for Europeans was set at 12%.

[1] Months after the new treaty, an order was received in Aleppo announcing that Khwaja Birz'a was named the shahbandar of Iran and that he was to be treated with the same consideration by city officials that was shown to other consuls of friendly nations.

[1] Although, the new rulings began giving distinct advantages in the Ottoman legal system to the Iranians and was represented the final shift in the evolution to full extraterritorial status.

A similar order established the rights of citizens of the friendly countries including Italy, Austria, Sweden, Denmark, Spain, France, and Britain.

In the years just before World War I, Britain and Russia made new attempts to push a final settlement on the border, and more particularly on the Shatt al-Arab.

[6][7] After the compromise was laid down in the Protocol of Constantinople on November 17, 1913, the Ottoman Empire gave up the whole anchorage at Khorramshahr, which was essential for the exploitation of the oil concession that the British were holding from Iran, and which until after World War II, would be the most important in the whole Persian Gulf area.

[12] The Iran-Iraq War lasted nearly eight years and ended on August 20, 1988 with the acceptance of the United Nations Security Council Resolution in 1987, first by Iraq and then by Iran.