Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws

In addition, they well remembered and resented the Indian removals from 30 years earlier and poor service they received from the federal government.

The main reason the Choctaw Nation agreed to sign the treaty, however, was for protection from regional tribes.

But, [Colonel Emory], as soon as the Confederate troops had entered our country, at once abandoned us and the fort; ... By this act the United States abandoned the Choctaws and Chickasaws.The preamble begins with, The Congress of the Confederate States of America, having by "An act for the protection of certain Indian tribes," approved the twenty-first day of May, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, offered to assume and accept the protectorate of the several nations and tribes of Indians occupying the country west of Arkansas and Missouri, and recognized them as their wards, subject to all the right, privileges and immunities, titles and guarantees with each of said nation and tribes under treaties made with them by the United States of America; and the Choctaw and Chickasaw Nations of Indians having each assented thereto, upon certain terms and conditions; ...The treaty had 64 terms.

From about 1865 to 1918, Mississippi Choctaws were largely ignored by governmental, health, and educational services and fell into obscurity.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, their issues were pushed aside in the struggle between defeated Confederates, freedmen, and Union sympathizers.