Triumph of Tehran
Despite his claims of continued loyalty to the constitutional monarchy, many constitutionalists in Tehran and other Iranian cities were arrested or forced into exile.
The clashes in the city continued for three days until July 17, when Mohammad Ali Shah sought refuge in the Russian embassy, and the capital came under the control of the constitutionalists.
Melkazadeh reported that the sound of cannons shook the city and the courtyard of the mosque was filled with gunpowder smoke and the noise of the fighting forces.
On January 2, the Bakhtiari riders led by Zarghām al-Saltaneh clashed with government forces in Isfahan, and Iqbal al-Dowleh took refuge in the British consulate after several days of fighting.
The Iranian Constitutional Revolution saw a significant uprising in Gilan province, spearheaded by a coalition of local and foreign forces.
These volunteers played a crucial role in training local forces, conducting reconnaissance, and ultimately, in the successful takeover of Rasht.
While the Rashti brothers held significant political influence and connections, the Social Democrats offered military expertise and manpower.
Despite initial tensions between the Rashti brothers and the Dashnak Party, the shared goal of overthrowing the monarchy and establishing a constitutional government brought them together.
The culmination of the uprising occurred in February 1909 when the forces led by the Rashti brothers and their allies launched a coordinated attack on Rasht.
The successful takeover of Rasht by the constitutionalists marked a significant turning point in the Iranian Constitutional Revolution.
The cooperation between Iranian nationalists, Russian Social Democrats, and Armenian revolutionaries showcased the complex dynamics of the revolution.
The events in Gilan inspired similar uprisings across Iran and ultimately contributed to the restoration of the constitutional monarchy.
These forces, comprising a Cossack regiment, an infantry corps, and an artillery unit, assembled in Baku on July 1, 1909.
However, after failing to persuade Amir Mufakham to cease hostilities, Sardar Assad outmaneuvered him and joined the Gilani forces near Tehran.
Mohammad Ali Shah had fortified the gates of Tehran and Russian and British envoys attempted to dissuade them from attacking the capital.
The fighting continued for three days until July 25, when Mohammad Ali Shah sought refuge in the Russian embassy, Liakhov surrendered, and the capital fell under the control of the Constitutionalists.
The event is considered a pivotal moment in Iranian history, as it established the principle of constitutional rule and limited the absolute power of the monarchy.
