With the rise of piano manufacturing Vienna in the 19th century, access to metal tuning pins and strings became much easier.

The hammered dulcimer became popular throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire, where it was quickly spread by itinerant Jewish and Romani (Gypsy) musicians.

It spread to Romania, Moldavia, Hungary, Slovakia, Ukraine and Belarus, where a variety of regional folk versions and concert instruments were developed.

These instruments differed in size, tuning, number of strings and method of holding and playing the hammers.

With access to piano wire and metal tuning pegs, an instrument could easily be constructed in the village environment.

2) A semi-concert tsymbaly: manufactured by the Chernihiv Musical Instrument Factory in three sizes designed by Olexander Nezovybat'ko and Ivan Skliar.

The concert cymbalom has replaced most of the smaller folk tsymbaly previously used in Ukrainian orchestras and in Academic Conservatory courses.