The family hailed from the Farghana Valley and were recruited by al-Mu'tasim along with many other inhabitants of Ferghana into his army (the Faraghina regiment).
[2] Juff and his descendants therefore were not members of the military slave caste (mamlūks or ghulāms), but a freeborn, likely even noble-born, man.
[7] Ibn Tulun's death seemed to present an opportunity for his enemies capture some of the Tulunid in Syria from his inexperienced son and heir, Khumarawayh.
[11] After the death of Khumarawayh in 896, however, the Tulunid state quickly began crumbling from within, and failed to put up any serious resistance when the Abbasids moved to re-establish direct control over Syria and Egypt in 904.
[6] Following a tumultuous career, Muhammad would go on to establish himself as the master of Egypt in 935, and ruled the country and parts of Syria until his death in July 946.