By designated academic emphasis, universities and colleges are classified into 12 categories by the Ministry of Education of China.
[1][2][3][4][5] By institutional affiliation, universities and colleges are classified into four categories.
[6] The Ministry of Education of China imposes strict naming regulations for the Chinese names of nationwide higher education institutions.
Only institutions that satisfy all requirements set up by the ministry can use the stand-alone word "University" in their Chinese names.
Therefore, a number of colleges and vocational colleges in China adapt the stand-alone word "University" as part of their self-translated English names.