U wave

It comes after the T wave of ventricular repolarization and may not always be observed as a result of its small size.

The interior of a blood vessel includes a near-wall layer of plasma (referred to as lubricant), the size of which strictly depends on Reynold's criterion and the shear rate of the flowing blood.

Given that the thickness of this layer in all blood vessels (except capillaries) is less than 5 microns, and the resistivity of the plasma is two times less than in blood, then according to the scheme of parallel insertion, the contribution of this layer to the resistivity is negligible.

By reducing the speed of blood flow profiles the dependence of Ht on the radius of the vessel becomes more elongated.

With high enough shear rates, the red blood cells become susceptible to deformation.

This idea is also proved by the fact that hypertrophy of the left ventricle, myocardial ischemia, coronary and insufficiency have momentum there is no possibility to move to the Purkinje fibers, therefore, the ECG recorded a negative U wave.

], U waves often register in all leads except V6, most frequently in V2 and V3 when the heart rate is greater than 96 beats per minute.

are most often seen in hypokalemia but may be present in hypercalcemia, thyrotoxicosis, or exposure to digitalis, epinephrine and Class 1A and 3 antiarrhythmics, as well as in congenital long QT syndrome, and in the setting of intracranial hemorrhage.

An inverted U wave may represent myocardial ischemia (and especially appears to have a high positive predictive accuracy for left anterior descending coronary artery disease[7] ) or left ventricular volume overload.