Underground education

There is a Greek - mostly oral - tradition claiming that secret schools (Krifo scholio) operated during the Ottoman period.

According to certain sources, secret schools for Albanians operated in late 19th century by Albanian-speaking communities and Bektashi priests[1][2] or nationalists[3] under Ottoman rule.

[6][7][8][9][10] Similarly by the break of the 19th and 20th centuries in Lithuania, a clandestine school [lt] (slaptoji mokykla) operated in almost every village, because of the Lithuanian press ban (1865 to 1904) in the Russian Empire.

[12] Due to antisemitic policies in Nazi Germany,[13] some Jewish parents turned to or were forced to use private and sometimes clandestine means to educate their children in the mid-1930s.

Japanese and other foreign schools, languages, and printed material were restricted and a compulsory assimilation program was instituted.