Examples are The Intelligent Investor by Benjamin Graham, also known as "The Dean of Wall Street," and The Warren Buffett Way by Robert Hagstrom.
The Intelligent Investor puts forth Graham's principles that are based on mathematical calculations such as the price/earning ratio.
For example, Amazon, Facebook, Netflix and Tesla in 2016, although they had a promising future, would not have appealed to Graham, since their price-earnings ratios were too high.
Graham's ideas had a significant influence on the young Warren Buffett, who later became a famous US billionaire.
Morningstar uses five factors to determine when something is a value stock, namely: Warren Buffett, also known as "The Oracle of Omaha," stated that the value of a business is the sum of the cash flows over the life of the business discounted at an appropriate interest rate.