The company was established by five sons from a German immigrant family.
The oldest founded a jewelry business between 1870-1872 and began the manufacture of sterling silver items in 1878.
Other sons gradually joined the firm, among them a silversmith and an engraver whose brother-in-law became the leading artistic designer.
The 1903, 1904 and 1906 catalogs show over 150 hatpin designs, more than half Art Nouveau.
All told, their 1904 catalog included some 3,200 distinct items; they employed stamping machines to turn out many of their products.