Toth v. Quarles, 350 U.S. 11 (1955), was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that expanded the rights of citizens to civilian trials, holding that an ex-serviceman cannot be court-martialed for crimes alleged during his military service.

The United States Air Force alleged that the petitioner, Robert W. Toth, committed a murder while he was on active duty in Korea.

[2] In the majority opinion, decided 6–3, Justice Hugo Black wrote that "[the UCMJ] is not a valid exercise of the power granted Congress in Article I of the Constitution.

"[3] The decision in Quarles would prove as an important precedent which the Court would rely on two years later in the landmark Reid v. Covert ruling.

[6] Justice Stanley F. Reed on the other hand, argued that the solution to the question should have come from Congress amending the UCMJ and not via a Court order.