[7][8][9] Urapidil is able to reduce inflammatory response, apoptosis and act as an antioxidant through a variety of pathways.

[8][7] Oxidative stress also plays a vital role in D/T and I/R injuries and is marked by malondialdehyde, or MDA, levels.

[7][9] MDA can also contribute to tissue damage, particularly by encouraging polymerization and cross-linking of the membranes of the affected cells.

[8] Through various studies performed within the past decade, it has been found that urapidil can treat T/D and I/R injuries, particularly stemming from autophagy, apoptosis, and inflammation, by elevating levels of SOD, TAS, and GPx within the cell.

[8][9] Both SOD and GPx help to counteract the negative effects of ROS which injures tissue through lipid peroxidation and by damaging DNA.