Urban ecosystem

The article “A Review of Urban Ecosystem Services: Six Key Challenges for Future Research'' addresses the issue of geographical bias.

Assessment methods involve bio-physical models, Geographical Information Systems, and valuation, but few study findings have been implemented as land use policy."

[7] Cities are home to more than half of the world's population, and the number of people living in urban areas is expected to continue to grow in the coming decades.

In addition to its impact on human health, air pollution can also damage buildings, corrode infrastructure, and harm plant and animal life.

Lack of urban green spaces contribute to a reduction in air/water quality, mental and physical health of residents, energy efficiency, and biodiversity.

Research has found that heavily urbanized areas have a higher richness of invasive species when compared to rural communities.

[14] Green and blue infrastructure refers to methods of development that work to integrate natural systems and human made structures.

Expanding bus or train routes and switching to clean energy use address the issues of air quality, noise pollution, and socioeconomic equity.

[18] Another opportunity to reduce carbon emissions and increase population health would be the implementation of the walkable city model in urban planning.

A walkable city is strategically planned to reduce distance traveled in order to access resources needed such as food and jobs.