[clarification needed] Lewis Mumford described monumental architecture as an "expression of power" seeking to produce "respectful terror".
[10] Georg Simmel studied the effect of the urban environment on the individuals living in cities, arguing in The Metropolis and Mental Life that the increase in human interaction affected relationships.
The cornerstones of this economic framework are the following ‘4C’ attributes: (1) currency flow for trading, (2) commoditization of products and services in supply chain management, (3) command centre function in orchestrating interdependency and monitoring executions, and (4) consumerization.
Unless, decoupling the economy from these attributes can be demonstrated; symbolic capital expressions, as legitimate as they may be, must accept the domineering status of urbanomics.
GDP includes things that do not contribute to sustainable growth, and excludes non-monetary benefits that improve the welfare of the people.
In response, alternative measures have been proposed, including the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)[15] and the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW).