Uthmanic codex

The Quran was collected in a single book by order of the first caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, and when the caliphate was handed over to Uthman ibn Affan, the Islamic conquests expanded and the companions spread in the conquered countries, teaching people the Quran and how to read its different readings.

Uthman ibn Affan narrated that when Muhammad received something from the Quran, he would call some of those who used to write it down and say: "Put this in the Surah in which such and such is mentioned.

After Abu Bakr al-Siddiq assumed the caliphate, there were a number of reasons and motivations that prompted the Companions to collect the Quran in scrolls.

This prompted Umar ibn al-Khattab to go to Abu Bakr and ask him to speed up the collection and codification of the Quran so that it would not disappear with the death of its preservers.

Abu Bakr said: 'You are a young and wise man, you used to write revelations for Muhammad, so track down the Quran and collect it'.

When the Islamic conquests expanded, the Companions spread out in the conquered countries, teaching the Quran and the religious sciences to the people.

[13] When the Muslim army set out to conquer Armenia and Azerbaijan, the soldiers were from Iraq and the Levant and there was a lot of discord and conflict between them.

"[38] Another report collected by Abu Bakr al-Anbari defended the choice of Zayd as the head of the committee over Ibn Mas'ud.

[52] Ibn Kathir (d. 774 AH) saw the same copy: "As for the Uthman Qurans the most famous of them is the one in the Levant today, in the Damascus Mosque, at the eastern corner, which was formerly in Tiberias, then moved to Damascus around eighteen hundred and five, I have seen it written with fine handwriting, clear ink in parchment, which I think is made of camel skins.

The Syrian thinker Muhammad Kurd Ali said of the Umayyad Mosque: "Until the year 1310 AH, the fire spread to the trunks of its roofs and consumed them in less than three hours, destroying the last vestiges of the building.

[59] This name is given to the personal Quran of Uthman ibn Affan, which he kept for himself, and from which other copies were made and distributed in Islamic countries.

"[61] Al-Suyuti says: "The number of copies that were copied from the Uthmanic Quran, which was compiled by the Caliph Uthman bin Affan to unite the nation to avoid disagreement and division in religion, the Companions unanimously agreed that it included all the books that Al-Siddiq had collected during his reign on the advice of Umar.

Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marrakchi narrates that this Quran, which was drenched with Uthman's blood, was lost in Medina during some of the turmoil in the city.

Malik ibn Anas says: "The Quran of Uthman bin Affan was lost, and we did not find any news about it.

"[70] Ibn Abd al-Malik al-Marrakshi narrates that a person named Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Ya'qub reported that he heard from his father Ahmad and saw in his grandfather's handwriting what confirms that this grandfather Ya'qub saw the Imam's Quran itself in Iraq, and he says: "My father told me: I saw the Quran of Uthman ibn Affan in the month of Rabi' al-Awwal in the year 223 AH, sent by Abu Ishaq, the Al-Mu'tasim Billah, son of the Caliph, Abu Ja'far Harun al-Rashid, I measured the length of the Quran, and it was two inches and four fingers apart, and I counted the lines of some of the Quran papers.

He used to send merchants to buy the treasures of Iraq, including books of famous writers, antiques, and necklaces.

Hence, the people of Andalusia honored and revered their Quran, and the situation continued as it was until the time of the Almohads, who feared that the Quran would be lost in Andalusia due to Cordoba's exposure to Christian raids on the one hand, and on the other, they wished to keep it in their vaults in Morocco for blessing on the other hand, so it was moved from Cordoba to Morocco in 552 AH.

[77] When Abd al-Mu'min ibn Ali brought Uthman's Quran to Morocco, he took great care of it and took great care of its cover and replaced it, after it was made of dark leather, he covered it with gold sheets studded with rubies and precious stones such as sapphires and emeralds.

According to the description of this Quran, it is dotted with red color, and at the end of the verses there is sometimes a circle occupied by geometric lines, it is said to have been written in the handwriting of Caliph Uthman ibn Affan.

The term dates back to the Qurans copied by Caliph Uthman ibn Affan, which he sent to the Muslim countries, and were without dots and shapes.

The reason this script is called the Uthmanic script is because Uthman was the one who ordered this drawing to be transferred and copied in the Qurans that he copied and distributed to the people in the cities and ordered them to burn the others, and this generalization issued by him is what attached this attribution to him, Imam al-Baghawi says in this regard: "The Quran on which the matter was settled is the last version by Muhammad, so Uthman ordered it to be copied in the Qurans, and gathered people on it, and eliminated everything else to cut off the source of disagreement."

[88] Makki ibn Abi Talib explains: "The Quran was written on one Ahruf, and its handwriting is possible for more than one, as it was neither dotted nor cursive, so that possibility is from the remaining six Ahruf "[89] Ibn Taymiyyah states: "The reason for the variety of readings in the Quran is that the Sharia permits and authorizes this for them, as this is due to the Sunnah and not to opinion and innovation.

When he entered the house, he found that his son was tuning his reading, he wrote to Ziyad to blame him for his son's speech, so Ziyad sent Abu al-Aswad ad-Du'ali telling him: "This redness has multiplied and corrupted the tongues of the Arabs, so if you put something in place to reform people's speech and translate the Quran".

[100][101] The majority of scholars believe that it is obligatory to follow the Uthmanic script when writing the Quran and that it is not permissible to deviate from it, because it is a convention agreed upon by the Companions unanimously, as Ahmad bin Hanbal said: "It is forbidden to violate Uthman's writing in Wawah, Yah, Alef, etc.

"[102] Another group argued that Uthmanic writing is a convention rather than a prescriptive one, so it is not obligatory to follow it and there is no prohibition to deviate from it, if people agree on a special drawing for dictation and it is common among them.

[103] The Council of Senior Scholars has prepared detailed research on the issue of writing the Quran according to the rules of orthography: "To summarize, those who said that it is permissible to write the Quran according to the rules of orthography and those who said it is forbidden or forbidden have a point of view.

It may be argued that it is more prudent to stay with the Uthmanic form of the Quran, in any case, the issue is a matter of consideration and jurisprudence, and the good is to follow the Companions and the Imams of the Salaf.

Shiite scholars acknowledge the preservation of the Quran from any kind of verbal distortion in all its forms with strong evidence and proof.

Ibn al-Nadim said: "Ali saw that the people were nervous when the Prophet died, so he swore not to put on his robe until he had collected the Quran."

Shiite scholars narrate that Ibn Abi Talib presented his Quran to the people and explained its features and a man from the Companions stood up and looked at it and said, "O Ali, return it, we have no need for it.