He graduated from Moscow State University where he also taught before moving to the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
He later joined the State Academic University for Humanities (GAUGN) in Moscow where he was deputy dean of the Faculty of History.
[2] Lelchuk specialises in the Soviet model of industrialisation, scientific and technological revolution, and the history of the USSR generally.
With respect to Lenin's New Economic Policy, Lelchuk argued that its mixed results were a consequence of a failure to set clear objectives due to ideological differences and a power struggle within the Communist Party, rather than structural problems in the Soviet economy.
He took an interest in historiography and in 1988, during the period of the collapse of the USSR when the whole corpus of Soviet history was being re-evaluated under what has been called an "historical glasnost",[6] participated in a roundtable discussion by dissident, establishment and revisionist historians[7] of pressing historiographical problems such as access to archives, the treatment of Stalinism, and political rehabilitations.