Vaccine wastage

The wastage can occur at multiple stages of the deployment process, and can take place in both unopened and opened vials, or in oral admission.

[1][2] A 2018 study into Cambodia's national immunization program found wastage rates of 0% to 60% depending on location and vaccination type.

[3] A study from India which collected Universal Immunisation Programme data from two different locations (Kangra and Pune districts) between January 2016 to December 2017 found wastage rates that differed according to vaccine type, reuse type, vial size, transition from IPV (inactivated polio vaccine) dosage to fIPV (fractional inactivated polio vaccine) and according to the geographical location.

Wastage for a number of other vaccinations in the program was higher than what had been factored into the initial programme forecasting.

[4] Parts of the United States has vaccine wastage tracking factored into the deployment process.