[1] This can entail total or partial validation of foreign university and non-university studies, degrees and other qualifications.
A major change with the more recent conventions is a shift in favour of recognition, with the burden being to show substantial differences.
[7] A new regional convention covering Latin America and the Caribbean was adopted in Buenos Aires in 2019 but has not, as of February 2020, entered into force.
[9][10] Mutual recognition of higher education qualifications is enshrined in the UNESCO/Council of Europe Lisbon Recognition Convention, which covers (as of February 2017) all Council of Europe members except Monaco and Greece, as well as Australia, Belarus, Holy See, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrghyz Republic, New Zealand and Tajikistan.
The Ministry of Education and Science is only responsible for the total validation of a foreign university degree for its Spanish equivalent.
[19] Credential evaluation is also important for those seeking an H-1B visa, which requires a bachelor's degree or equivalent, and for some categories of permanent resident.