Vasconic languages

The consensus among scholars is that Aquitanian was a Paleo-European language genetically related to Basque, though there is debate over the exact nature of their relationship.

[6] Conversely, Lyle Campbell contends that the differences between Aquitanian and Basque are significant enough that they may be sister languages, each representing a branch of an original proto-language.

Writing in the 1st century AD, Strabo mentions that "the Aquitanians differ from the Gallic nation in their bodily build and in their language, being more similar to the Iberians.

[9][10][11] Although some recent researchers, such as Eduardo Orduña and Joan Ferrer i Jané, have revisited the connection in the early 21st century (focusing primarily on numerals and some lexical items), the theory that Basque and Iberian are genetically related remains controversial among linguists.

In regions closer to the Basque-speaking area, Iberian inscriptions may simply indicate that the language was used as a lingua franca, as proposed by Javier de Hoz.

Recent paleogenetic research shows that the spread of agriculture from Anatolia about 10,000 years ago involved significant human genetic replacement.