Venus In Situ Atmospheric and Geochemical Explorer

The mission was proposed in 2017 to NASA's New Frontiers program to compete for funding and development,[1] but it was not selected.

The atmosphere of Venus at the surface has an average temperature of 450 °C and is highly acidic and corrosive, which severely limits the time a lander can function.

[3][1] During its parachute descent, the VISAGE lander would analyse atmospheric noble gases and light stable isotopes inventory, as well as reactive and trace gases, and measure the atmospheric structure profile.

The VISAGE lander would drill on the shallow subsurface and samples would be brought on board to measure the mineralogy and elemental composition.

[3] The proposed mission goals are:[1] The proposed lander payload comprises five instruments:[1] the Atmospheric Structure Investigation including Doppler Wind measurements, a Neutral Mass Spectrometer, an Imaging System, an X-ray Fluorescence experiment, and a Visible Near-Infrared Spectrometer.