[2][4][5] Physiologic vertigo may occur following being exposed to motion for a prolonged period such as when on a ship or simply following spinning with the eyes closed.

[2] The Dix-Hallpike test typically produces a period of rapid eye movements known as nystagmus in this condition.

[1] In Ménière's disease there is often ringing in the ears, hearing loss, and the attacks of vertigo last more than twenty minutes.

[10] Vertigo is classified into either peripheral or central depending on the location of the dysfunction of the vestibular pathway,[11] although it can also be caused by psychological factors.

[16] Other causes include Ménière's disease (12%), superior canal dehiscence syndrome, vestibular neuritis, and visual vertigo.

[citation needed] People with peripheral vertigo typically present with mild to moderate imbalance, nausea, vomiting, hearing loss, tinnitus, fullness, and pain in the ear.

[16] Due to a rapid compensation[clarification needed] process, acute vertigo as a result of a peripheral lesion tends to improve in a short period of time (days to weeks).

[20] Central vertigo may have accompanying neurologic deficits (such as slurred speech and double vision), and pathologic nystagmus (which is pure vertical/torsional).

The balance disorder associated with central lesions causing vertigo is often so severe that many people are unable to stand or walk.

[16] A number of conditions that involve the central nervous system may lead to vertigo including: lesions caused by infarctions or hemorrhage, tumors present in the cerebellopontine angle such as a vestibular schwannoma or cerebellar tumors,[9][11] epilepsy,[21] cervical spine disorders such as cervical spondylosis,[11] degenerative ataxia disorders,[9] migraine headaches,[9] lateral medullary syndrome, Chiari malformation,[9] multiple sclerosis,[9] parkinsonism, as well as cerebral dysfunction.

[22] It is commonly associated with nausea or vomiting,[21] unsteadiness (postural instability),[19] falls,[23] changes to a person's thoughts, and difficulties in walking.

[10] Blurred vision, difficulty in speaking, a lowered level of consciousness, and hearing loss may also occur.

[25] Persistent onset vertigo is characterized by symptoms lasting for longer than one day[25] and is caused by degenerative changes that affect balance as people age.

[25] The neurochemistry of vertigo includes six primary neurotransmitters that have been identified between the three-neuron arc[28] that drives the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR).

[34] Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is the most common vestibular disorder[3] and occurs when loose calcium carbonate debris has broken off of the otoconial membrane and enters a semicircular canal thereby creating the sensation of motion.

[10] BPPV may be diagnosed with the Dix-Hallpike test and can be effectively treated with repositioning movements such as the Epley maneuver.

[38] Ménière's disease frequently presents with recurrent, spontaneous attacks of severe vertigo in combination with ringing in the ears (tinnitus), a feeling of pressure or fullness in the ear (aural fullness), severe nausea or vomiting, imbalance, and hearing loss.

[9][39] Individuals with vestibular neuritis do not typically have auditory symptoms, but may experience a sensation of aural fullness or tinnitus.

[1] Approximately 40% of all migraine patients will have an accompanying vestibular syndrome, such as vertigo, dizziness, or disruption of the balance system.

[1] Additionally, vestibular migraines tend to occur more often in women and rarely affect individuals after the sixth decade of life.

It is nausea and vomiting in response to motion and is typically worse if the journey is on a winding road or involves many stops and starts, or if the person is reading in a moving car.

[43] For example, after using a very helium-rich trimix at the deepest part of the dive, a diver will switch to mixtures containing progressively less helium and more oxygen and nitrogen during the ascent.

[9] People with Ménière's disease have a variety of treatment options to consider when receiving treatment for vertigo and tinnitus including: a low-salt diet and intratympanic injections of the antibiotic gentamicin or surgical measures such as a shunt or ablation of the labyrinth in refractory cases.