Vietnamese calligraphy

It includes calligraphic works using a variety of scripts, including historical chữ Hán (Chinese characters), chữ Nôm (Vietnamese-derived characters), and the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet.

In the later Lê dynasty, Vietnam developed a unique style of calligraphy called Nam tự (lit.

'southern script', 南字) by Phạm Đình Hổ (範廷琥) in his book Vũ Trung Tùy Bút ('Written on Rainy Days', 雨中隨筆).

'script for decrees', 令書) in Việt Sử Toát Yếu ('Vietnamese History and Compendium', 越史撮要) because of its initial bureaucratic characteristic.

[5] Chữ quốc ngữ calligraphy gained popularity during the New Poetry and Free Poetry Movements, due to the increasing popularity of using the Vietnamese vernacular, as well as influence from French literature.