He returned to Russia, having agreed to act as a distributor of Iskra, the newspaper founded abroad by Vladimir Lenin and Julius Martov.

At the Sixth Party Congress, in August, he warned: "Is it possible, comrades, that our country has made such a leap in two months that it is already prepared for socialism?

[7] Despite being in what soon became the minority, he was re-elected to the Central Committee in August, with the fifth highest vote (behind Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev, Lev Kamenev and Leon Trotsky.

Nogin was appointed People's Commissar for Commerce and Industry after the October Revolution but resigned on 17 November, along with Kamenev, Zinoviev, Rykov, Milyutin and others, – after he had presented a declaration repudiating "the preservation of power of a purely Bolshevik government by means of terror.

"[9][3] Nogin formally admitted "his mistakes" on 12 December (29 November Old Style) 1917, but at Lenin's insistence, his request to be re-admitted to the Central Committee was not granted until January 1918, when he was appointed Commissar for Labour for the Moscow Region.

[10] While there, he helped the Coolidge administration communicate with Moscow using the code of the Soviet government, in an attempt to establish relations between the two countries.

His brother in law, Viktor Radus Zenkovich,[12] was Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars, Kyrgyz ASSR, Russian SFSR, from 12 October 1920 to 1921.

"[13] Some of the Bolshevik party and government positions held by Viktor Nogin are listed below:[3] The historic 14th-century town of Bogorodsk was renamed Noginsk after him in 1930.

Streets named after Nogin still exist in many Russia cities, such as in Saint Petersburg, Nizhniy Novgorod, Volgograd, Novosibirsk, Pavlovskiy Posad, Samara, and Serpukhov.