[4] When reviewing the literature on the effectiveness of VSA in 2003, the National Research Council concluded, "Overall, this research and the few controlled tests conducted over the past decade offer little or no scientific basis for the use of the computer voice stress analyzer or similar voice measurement instruments".
[1]: 168 A 2013 paper published in Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics reviewed the "scientific implausibility" of its principles and "ungrounded claims of the aggressive propaganda from sellers of voice stress analysis gadgets".
[7] In the case of the 1998 murder of 12-year-old Stephanie Crowe, confessions were made while three suspects were undergoing VSA, which were later found to be false by a judge.
In 2005 the manufacturer of the VSA equipment later settled a lawsuit that alleged that it was liable for the harm the three suspects suffered.
[8] In a similar 2000 case in Washington state, Donovan Allen falsely confessed to killing his mother after failing a VSA test.