He was born the fourth son of Sir John Bruce of Kincavil (d. 1607) and his wife Jean Drummond.
He studied Divinity at the University of St Andrews, graduating MA in 1628.
In 1649 he was suspended when it was discovered that he was part owner of a ship, a practice not permitted by church rules.
However, this unique role means he was the longest serving leader of the Church of Scotland.
His younger brother Rev Robert Bruce (c. 1607-1667) was minister of Aberdour Parish Church.