WPA is a systematic technique for reducing water consumption and wastewater generation through integration of water-using activities or processes.
[1] Since then, it has been widely used as a tool for water conservation in industrial process plants.
Water pinch analysis has recently been applied for urban/domestic buildings.
[2] It was extended in 1998 by Nick Hallale at the University of Cape Town, who developed it as a special case of mass exchange networks for capital cost targeting.
Techniques for setting targets for maximum water recovery capable of handling any type of water-using operation including mass-transfer-based and non-mass-transfer based systems include the source and sink composite curves[3] and water cascade analysis (WCA).