Weighted network

The nodes might be neurons, individuals, groups, organisations, airports, or even countries, whereas ties can take the form of friendship, communication, collaboration, alliance, flow, or trade, to name a few.

In fact, ties are often associated with weights that differentiate them in terms of their strength, intensity, or capacity[2][3] On the one hand, Mark Granovetter (1973)[4] argued that the strength of social relationships in social networks is a function of their duration, emotional intensity, intimacy, and exchange of services.

Unlike sparse networks where the absence of links typically indicate lack of interaction, intrinsically dense networks exhibit a comprehensive interconnection among nodes, where each node is intricately linked to all others.

The term "intrinsically dense" emphasizes that edges within these networks may not solely represent positive relationships but can encompass randomness or even negative associations based on their respective weights.

This distinctive network paradigm expands the understanding of complex systems observed in natural, social, and technological domains, offering insights into nuanced interactions and relationships within these densely interconnected networks.