Those holding non-agricultural hukou status have access to a number of programs provided by the government, such as healthcare, employment, retirement pensions, housing, and education.
As those systems disappeared or were reformed, the "iron rice bowl" approach to welfare changed.
Article 14 of the constitution stipulates that the state "builds and improves a welfare system that corresponds with the level of economic development."
Corporate strategic management of relationships with governments can bring advantages in terms of market competition (Schuler et al., 2002; Hillman et al., 2004; Yang et al., 2019).
Therefore, the promotion incentives of local government officials may motivate firms to improve their social responsibility performance as a strategy to obtain more political resources.