Jutlandic
[4] There are major phonological differences between the dialects, but also very noteworthy morphological, syntactic, and semantic variations.
Vestjysk (West Jutlandic) is also well known for this enclitic article as well as a complete lack of gender distinction.
Standard Danish phonology contains nasal, aspirated voiceless and devoiced plosives (labial, alveolar, and velar).
The bilabials still have the approximant in one dialect, but no null phoneme and the velars have no sonorants, only a voiceless stop and fricative.
The ⟨÷⟩ represents the null or zero morpheme in the maps, the ⟨-j⟩ and ⟨-r⟩ are [ɪ̯] and [ɐ̯] respectively and ⟨q⟩ is the devoiced velar stop [ɡ̊] while ⟨ch⟩ stands for the fricative [χ].
Vowels can also be glottalized where the so-called stød is present and many change their quality depending on whether or not they are preceded or followed by an /r/ (phonetically [ʁ]).
The long stressed mid vowels /eː, øː, oː/ are diphthongised as /iə, yə, uə/ respectively in central Jutland and the South Schleswig dialect, e.g. ben [ˈbiˀən] = Standard Danish [ˈbeːˀn] 'leg', bonde 'farmer' [ˈbuəɲ] = Standard Danish [ˈbɔnə] (< bōndi).
In Hards, a small area of Mid Western Jutland, the vowels become diphthongised with a glide much like in English, and are pronounced as /ej, øj, ow/.
Map 2.2 shows the different possible pronunciations for the standard Danish mid, stressed vowels which is further explained in the following table: Outside of these diphthongs arising from changes in pronunciation from standard Danish long vowels, there are also the following diphthongs: [ow], [ɔw], [ej], [æj] [ɒw] [iw]/[yw], [ew]/[øw] and [æw]/[œw].
In South Eastern Jutland the rounded one is unrounded and only in certain parts of Sønderjylland are both diphthongs preserved.
Map 2.7 shows the rounding alternation for the front, close diphthong [iw]/[yw].
The rest of North Western Jutlandic along the coast has the schwa as well but a fricative instead of a stop, so the sounds are [iɕ], [yɕ], and [uɕ].
In the other mainland Scandinavian languages as well as South Jutlandic, there are two different tonemes which distinguish between words that were originally one or two syllables.
As mentioned before, most of north west Jutland does not have a stød after short high vowels, and instead has the klusilspring.
Note though that West Jutlandic still has two noun classes, n- and t-words like standard Danish, they are just not genders.
In the dialects of South Schleswig, easternmost Djurs and the island of Samsø, adjectives take a -t ending which patterns with standard Danish: for example, et grønt glas [æt ɡʁœːnt ɡlas] 'a green glass' and glasset er grønt [ɡlas.ət æ ɡʁœːnt] 'the glass is green'.
[1] The presence of a separate free morpheme definite marker in the western Jutlandic dialects [æ] has come to cause a contrastive semantic meaning difference with the standard Danish dem.
Æ små kartofler refers instead to a mass noun, meaning potatoes that are generally small.
There is also a tendency to use hans or hendes instead of the Standard Danish sin when referring to the subject of the sentence.
This means there is no longer a distinction between whether the possessive pronoun refers to the subject of the sentence or a third person, however, use of a word like egen/t 'own' can paraphrastically accomplish the same thing.
The dialects, especially in the northernmost, western and southern regions, are often hard to understand for people originating outside Jutland.
The Danish cultural, media and business life revolves around Copenhagen, and Jutland has only in recent decades seen substantial economic growth.
[10] It was established in 1932 (under the name Institut for Jysk Sprog- og Kulturforskning), originally privately funded by grants, and headed by professor Peter Skautrup.
[10] From 1932 to 1978, the center published the journal Sprog og Kultur ("Language and culture"), and from 1982 onwards Ord & Sag ("Word and cause").
