Marble is a metamorphic rock consisting of carbonate minerals (most commonly calcite (CaCO3) or dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2) that have recrystallized under the influence of heat and pressure.

The word "marble" derives from the Ancient Greek μάρμαρον (mármaron),[3] from μάρμαρος (mármaros), "crystalline rock, shining stone",[4][5] perhaps from the verb μαρμαίρω (marmaírō), "to flash, sparkle, gleam";[6] R. S. P. Beekes has suggested that a "Pre-Greek origin is probable".

Primary sedimentary textures and structures of the original carbonate rock (protolith) have typically been modified or destroyed.

The characteristic swirls and veins of many colored marble varieties, sometimes called striations, are usually due to various mineral impurities such as clay, silt, sand, iron oxides, or chert which were originally present as grains or layers in the limestone.

Green coloration is often due to serpentine resulting from originally magnesium-rich limestone or dolomite with silica impurities.

The chemical reaction below shows a typical process using magnesium fluorosilicate (MgSiF6) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) taking place.

[12] Bacterial and fungal degradation was detected in four samples of marble from Milan Cathedral; black Cladosporium attacked dried acrylic resin[13] using melanin.

Also, the low index of refraction of calcite allows light to penetrate 12.7 to 38 millimeters into the stone before being scattered out, resulting in the characteristic waxy look which brings a lifelike luster to marble sculptures of any kind, which is why many sculptors preferred and still prefer marble for sculpting the human form.

[19] Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite, dolomite or serpentine that is capable of taking a polish.

For example, Tennessee marble is really a dense granular fossiliferous gray to pink to maroon Ordovician limestone, that geologists call the Holston Formation.

Blocks are favoured for most purposes, and can be created through various techniques, including drilling and blasting, water jet and wedge methods.

The need for extensive trade arose due to this imbalance, leading to the widespread exchange of marble objects, including building elements, sculptures, and sarcophagi.

[28][non sequitur] Dust, debris and temperature fluctuations from working marble can endanger the eye health of employees.

[29] For the staff involved in marble processing, it is necessary to provide eye protection equipment, and it is recommended to improve the education of all workers on occupational health risks and strengthen preventive measures.

[29] As the favorite medium for Greek and Roman sculptors and architects (see classical sculpture), marble has become a cultural symbol of tradition and refined taste.

Converting waste to generate economic income and restore degraded soil can improve the environment.