William Caxton

Shortly after Large's death, Caxton moved to Bruges, Belgium, a wealthy cultured city in which he was settled by 1450.

When Margaret of York, sister of Edward IV, married the Duke of Burgundy, they moved to Bruges and befriended Caxton.

Margaret encouraged Caxton to complete his translation of the Recuyell of the Historyes of Troye, a collection of stories associated with Homer's Iliad, which he did in 1471.

[11] Another early title was Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophres (Sayings of the Philosophers), first printed on 18 November 1477, translated by Earl Rivers, the king's brother-in-law.

Caxton's translations of the Golden Legend (1483) and The Book of the Knight in the Tower (1484) contain perhaps the earliest verses of the Bible to be printed in English.

[13] Caxton produced chivalric romances (such as Fierabras), the most important of which was Sir Thomas Malory's Le Morte d'Arthur (1485); classical works; and English and Roman histories.

He may also have been paid by the authors of works such as Lorenzo Gulielmo Traversagni, who wrote the Epitome margaritae eloquentiae, which Caxton published c. 1480.

[17] Caxton's precise date of death is uncertain, but estimates from the records of his burial in St. Margaret's, Westminster, suggest that he died near March 1492.

"[18] Wynkyn de Worde, a Fleming, became the owner of the printing plant after Caxton's death and carried it on for forty-three years.

Wynkyn prospered, continuing to put out a steady succession of editions of the small popular pamphlets which were started in Caxton's time.

[19] In 1820, a memorial tablet to Caxton was provided in St Margaret's by the Roxburghe Club and its President, Earl Spencer.

His major guiding principle in translating was an honest desire to provide the most linguistically exact replication of foreign language texts into English, but the hurried publishing schedule and his inadequate skill as a translator often led to wholesale transference of French words into English and to numerous misunderstandings.

[27] The English language was changing rapidly in Caxton's time, and the works that he was given to print were in a variety of styles and dialects.

That facilitated the expansion of English vocabulary, the regularisation of inflection and syntax and a widening gap between the spoken and the written words.

[30][31] In Caxton's prologue to the 1490 edition of his translation of Virgil's Aeneid, called by him Eneydos,[32] he refers to the problems of finding a standardised English.

[33] Caxton recounts what took place when a boat sailing from London to Zeeland was becalmed, and landed on the Kent side of the Thames.

Printer's mark of William Caxton, 1478. A variant of the merchant's mark
A page from the Brut Chronicle (printed as the Chronicles of England ), printed in 1480 by Caxton in blackletter
Caxton's 1476 edition of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales
Stained glass to William Caxton, Guildhall, London
Stained glass, by Tiffany , of William Caxton and Aldus Manutius . Shows printers device. Pequot Library , Southport
Caxton showing the first specimen of his printing to King Edward IV and Queen Elizabeth at the Almonry, Westminster (painting by Daniel Maclise )
The famous fragment about eggs in the original edition
William Caxton printer's device, Thomas Jefferson Building , Library of Congress