[1] In 2011, he was sentenced to six years and 10 months incarceration in Yaroslavl on charges of robbery and battery.
In 2017, Makarov's lawyer lodged a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights over his treatment in prison.
[3] The video was then leaked to independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta, who published it.
[4] Makarov's lawyer was subsequently forced to flee Russia after receiving death threats.
[7] In November 2020, 13 people were convicted of abuse of office over his case, with sentences up to 51-months.