Zha Shibiao

He had studied for the civil service exam under the Ming and received the xiucai degree in his twenties.

However he abandoned any attempt at an official career after the Manchu conquest.

As a calligrapher he was influenced by Dong Qichang and Mi Fu.

His landscapes were more influenced by Hong Ren and Ni Zan.

His later works are considered to have had a more moist and expressive feel than those of Hong Ren.