[5] In Chinese, the dynasty is referred to as: Following the Qing conquest of the Kingdom of Tungning in 1683, the territory's last ruler, Zheng Keshuang, Prince of Yanping and grandson of Koxinga, was taken to Beijing.

[5] The Kangxi Emperor granted Zheng the peerage title of Duke Hanjun and inducted him and his descendants into the Plain Red Banner.

[5] The family remained in Beijing until 1911, when the Xinhai Revolution broke out, leading to the fall of the Qing dynasty.

"[4] They are found both on mainland China and in Taiwan, while the descendants of Koxinga's brother, Shichizaemon, reside in Japan.

[7] Although Zheng Chouyu was born in mainland China and identified as Chinese, he felt alienated when he was forced to move to Taiwan in 1949.