'straight gathering': 直裰 and 直綴 and 直敠),[1] also known as zhishen (Chinese: 直身; pinyin: zhíshēn; lit.

'straight body';[1] Korean: 직신; Hanja: 直身; RR: jiksin) when it is decorated with outside pendulums,[2] and haiqing (Chinese: 海青; lit.

[15] In present-days, the Tang dynasty-style jiasha which is purple in colour still remains popular among the Japanese Buddhist monks.

[14][18] However, the Indian Kasaya was not well-received in China as the Chinese deeply believed in the Confucian concept of propriety; and as a result, any forms of body exposure was perceived as being improper and was associated with barbarians.

[14] The absence of right shoulder exposure started in northern China in order to shield the body from the cold and to fulfill the Chinese cultural requirements.

[14] This change occurred during the Chinese medieval era with the bareness completely disappearing in the Cao Wei period.

[14] It appears that shoulder exposure reappeared during the Northern Wei period before being criticized:[18] People from the West in general have their arms uncovered.

'side clothes'), also known as hensan (Japanese: 偏(褊)衫/へんさん) in Japan[20] and pyeonsam (Korean: 편삼; Hanja: 褊衫) in Korea,[4] was a short robe.

[19] To create the pianshan, the monks combined the Saṃkakṣikā, called sengzhizhi (Chinese: 僧祗支; pinyin: sēngzhīzhī), which is the inner inner garment worn by both the monks and nuns under sanyi, with the hujianyi (Chinese: 䕶肩衣; pinyin: hùjiānyī) of the Buddhist nuns.

'skirt'),[19][4] also called kun (Japanese: 裙/くん) in Japan and gunja (Korean: 군자; Hanja: 裙子) in Korea.

[19][20] In accordance to the philosophy of Confucianism and Taoism, the use of upper and lower garment, yichang, represented the Heaven and Earth which interacts in harmony;[14] this concept appeared early on in ancient China and can be found in the Yi Jing《易經》.

[21] This style of dress was imitated until the Tang dynasty, when the pianshan and qun were sewn together to form a single long garment.

[23] The haiqing however maintains some traces of traditional Chinese culture and shows some glimpse of the dress which had been worn by the elites in ancient China.

[23] For example, the closure of the haiqing which overlaps and closes to the right, a style referred as called jiaoling youren, was passed down from the Shang dynasty and at the same time coincides with the Buddhist custom of respecting the right side.

[16] In the Song dynasty, the casual zhiduo was loose with a central seam at the back; it however lacked slits on its lower part.

[26][27] The koromo is worn by Japanese Buddhist monks or priests; the robe is typically black or blue.