[3] Following this, Chinese government, academics, and business focused increasingly on identifying and developing (nurturing) self-motivated indigenous capabilities (自主创新能力) among individual, enterprises, research organizations and universities.
[5] In the United States, the pioneering research on how technological-led indigenous innovation evolved in China was done by late Dr. Qiwen Lu.
Lu's book 'China's Leap into the Information Age' was published by Oxford University Press in 2000, with updated analyses of Stone, Legend, and Founder as well as the inclusion of the case of Great Wall.
In March 2013, Xi Jinping, the General Secretary of the China Communist Party, called for a strong innovation-led growth in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) National Committee Meeting, see Xinhua (2013).
[10] 国家自主创新能力 (National Indigenous Innovation Capability, NIIC) is defined here as a high-level (national and provincial-based), complex and dynamic capabilities development concept in innovation policy and management studies reference to China context as an emerging socialistic country with a capitalistic economy.
The government encouraged individuals (e.g. scientists, researchers, engineers, and entrepreneurs) and organizations (research institutes, universities, and enterprises) within China to identify, engage and use various resources, e.g. experience, knowledge, and skills available from within the organization or network to collaborate and create highly sustainable, hard to imitate knowledge, capabilities and other tangible and intangible values (and various levels of inter-connected competitiveness).
In 2013, the China State Council issued the policy document the 'Comment on Strengthening and Enhancing Enterprise as the Key Player in Technological Innovation' as a step forward to confirm its determination to push enterprise to be the center of technological innovation in the future economic developments (China State Council 2013).