The regiment was originally organized in 1917 after the United States entry into World War I as the 1st Field Artillery of the Kansas National Guard.

Later that year, it mustered into Federal service and was reorganized as the 130th Field Artillery, fighting with the 35th Division in the American Expeditionary Forces in France.

After the end of World War I the regiment returned home and was demobilized, briefly reverting to its state designation.

The 130th Field Artillery Battalion remained stateside until 2 December 1944, when it was sent to Europe, serving in Germany in the final months of the war.

The 154th was sent to Alaska on temporary duty on 27 July 1942, fought in the Aleutian Islands Campaign, and after its official relief from the 35th Division was later deployed to the Pacific Theater.