The 1931 Railway Cup Hurling Championship was the fifth series of the inter-provincial hurling Railway Cup.

It was contested by Connacht, who returned after a three-year absence, Leinster and Munster.

Munster entered the championship as the defending champions.

On 17 March 1931, Munster won the Railway Cup after a 1–12 to 2–06 defeat of Leinster in the final at Croke Park, Dublin.

Munster's Mick Ahern was the Railway Cup top scorer with 6-08.