The following world and championship records swum at the 2010 Short Course Worlds, which were held December 15–19, 2010 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
It is also possible for the swimmers in the first leg of the relays to break records.
In the final of the women's 4×200 metre freestyle relay, Camille Muffat of France broke the championship record in the 200 metre freestyle.
In the men's 4×100 metre medley relay, Russian swimmer Stanislav Donets broke the championship record in the 100 metre backstroke.
Split times for swimmers not swimming the first leg are ineligible because the incoming swimmer can lean over in front of the blocks and be diving as the preceding swimmer is coming in, whereas the leadoff swimmer is timed from a stationary start.