[2] Since at least 1997, "process nodes" have been named purely on a marketing basis, and have no direct relation to the dimensions on the integrated circuit;[3] neither gate length, metal pitch or gate pitch on a "28nm" device is twenty-eight nanometers.
[4][5][6][7] Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company has offered "28 nm" production using high-K metal gate process technology.
[9] According to a 2016 presentation by Sophie Wilson, 28nm has the lowest cost per logic gate.
Cost per gate had decreased as processes shrunk until reaching 28nm, and has slowly risen since then.
[10] "28nm" requires twice the number of design rules for ensuring reliability in manufacturing as "80nm".