3D modeling
In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling is the process of developing a mathematical coordinate-based representation of a surface of an object (inanimate or living) in three dimensions via specialized software by manipulating edges, vertices, and polygons in a simulated 3D space.
[1][2][3] Three-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc.
A 3D model can also be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena.
The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.
This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations ("primitives") such as spheres, cones etc., to so-called meshes, which are nets of interconnected triangles.
Photogrammetry creates models using algorithms to interpret the shape and texture of real-world objects and environments based on photographs taken from many angles of the subject.
Complex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture splats or sprites assigned to them.
G-code (computer numerical control) works with automated technology to form a real-world rendition of 3D models.
[12] The first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site.
[15] This is due to the increasing adoption of 3D modeling in the AEC industry, which helps to improve design accuracy, reduce errors and omissions and facilitate collaboration among project stakeholders.
Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand, software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items.
[18][19] 3D models can be purchased from online markets and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts and even medical equipment.
[23] The medical industry uses detailed models of organs; these may be created with multiple two-dimensional image slices from an MRI or CT scan.
By using LOD, architects, engineers and General contractor can more effectively communicate design intent and make more informed decisions throughout the construction process.
In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice.
The source of the geometry for the shape of an object can be: A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured.
[30] The OWL 2 translation of the vocabulary of X3D can be used to provide semantic descriptions for 3D models, which is suitable for indexing and retrieval of 3D models by features such as geometry, dimensions, material, texture, diffuse reflection, transmission spectra, transparency, reflectivity, opalescence, glazes, varnishes and enamels (as opposed to unstructured textual descriptions or 2.5D virtual museums and exhibitions using Google Street View on Google Arts & Culture, for example).
